Fig. 2

CD8 + T cells were converted to exhausted states in the irAE group. (A) UMAP projection of all lymphocytes across all samples as well as the irAE and normal groups, respectively. (B) Heatmap of marker gene expression of T/NK subpopulations. (C) Heatmap showing the signature scores of T cell subpopulations, including naive, regulatory, costimulatory, cytotoxic, exhausted, and proliferative. (D) Proportions of T/NK subpopulations in the irAE and normal groups. (E) Cytotoxic and exhausted signature scores of CD8 + Tem cells in the irAE and normal groups. P values were determined by the Wilcoxon test. (F) Metabolic activity scores of T/NK subpopulations in the irAE and normal groups. (G) Violin plots showing the glycolysis scores of lymphocytes in the irAE and normal groups. P values were determined by the Wilcoxon test. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, and **** p < 0.0001 were considered statistically significant. CD8 + Tem, CD8 + effector memory T; CD8 + Tex, CD8 + exhausted T; CD8 + Tprolif, CD8 + proliferative T; NK, natural killer; UMAP, Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection; irAE, immune-related adverse event