Fig. 4

Biomarkers associated with HFrEF development. A Volcano plot of new-onset HFrEF, compared to baseline (yellow = up-regulated proteins; green = down-regulated proteins). B Venn diagram of differential protein expression (P < 0.05) for new-onset HFrEF, No-HF, and independent community HFrEF cohort. C Volcano plot of HFrEF vs control patients in independent community HFrEF cohort. D–F Co-expression proteins in new-onset HFrEF patients from (B) between new-onset HFrEF and independent community HFrEF cohort. G–I Co-expression proteins in No-HF patients from (B) between new-onset HFrEF and independent community HFrEF cohort. HFrEF = heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; No-HF = no heart failure; CRP = C-reactive protein; IL6RB = interleukin-6 receptor subunit beta; PHLD = phosphatidylinositol-glycan-specific phospholipase D; NOE1 = noelin. *Overlap protein expression in same direction between new-onset HFrEF and independent community HFrEF cohort