Fig. 1

Study design of proteomics-based biomarker discovery. A HF progressor cohort (N = 40). Blood samples are collected at baseline and diagnosis of no-HF (N = 12) or HFpEF (N = 14) or HFrEF (N = 14). B Independent community-based cohort (N = 52). Blood samples of patients diagnosed with HFpEF (N = 22), HFrEF (N = 12), and control (N = 18) are collected. HFpEF = heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF = heart failure with reduced ejection fraction