Fig. 3.

Screening of differentially expressed genes. A Volcano plot depicting gene expression changes. The x-axis represents the log2 fold-change (log2 FC), indicating the magnitude of gene expression alteration, and the y-axis shows the-log10 of the p-value, reflecting the statistical significance. Blue dots denote down-regulated genes, gray dots represent unchanged genes, and red dots indicate up- regulated genes. Some genes are labeled for identification. B Venn diagram illustrating the overlap between differentially expressed genes (DEG) and genes related to Mendelian randomization (MR)