Table 2 Various regulatory factors of invadopodia
From: Invadopodia in cancer metastasis: dynamics, regulation, and targeted therapies
Type | Main components | Research |
|---|---|---|
Actin regulatory proteins | Cortactin | miR-182 inhibits invadopodia formation by targeting cortactin [172] LanCL2 activates the STAT3/Cortactin signaling pathway to promote invadopodia formation [173] |
N-WASP | miR-182 expression inhibits invadopodia formation by suppressing the Cdc42/N-WASP pathway [172] LMP1 promotes invadopodia formation by activating the Cdc42/N-WASP signaling axis [174] | |
Arp2/3 | Pimozide inhibits invadopodia formation by targeting subunits of the Arp2/3 complex [175] | |
Formin | Downstream targets of the Wnt5a/Dvl2 pathway, Formin, and Fascin, synergistically promote actin assembly in invadopodia [176] | |
Actin | Targeting actin inhibits cancer cell motility [177] | |
Fascins | Fascin influences invadopodia formation through metabolic pathways [178] | |
Cofilin | The interaction between cofilin and Rhoc leads to cofilin phosphorylation, affecting invadopodia formation [66] | |
Adaptor proteins | Tks5 | The MAP1B-cortactin-Tks5 axis regulates invadopodia formation [179] |
Paxillin | The kindlin-3-leupaxin-paxillin signaling pathway regulates invadopodia stability [180] | |
Receptor protein | TGF-β | TGF-β induces EMT and invadopodia formation [115] Targeting TGF-β inhibits invadopodia formation [119] |
EGFR | The EGFR-Src-Arg-cortactin pathway mediates invadopodia maturation [106] | |
PDGF | Increased levels of PDGF/phospho-Src promote invadopodia formation and enhance MMP activity [110] | |
MET | Met phosphorylation of Fis1 Tyr38 promotes mitochondrial fission and affects invadopodia formation [181] | |
Kinases | ABL | The downstream Abl signaling of CXCR4 plays a role in invadopodia formation and function [100] |
SRC | ERβ promotes invadopodia formation through the ICAM1/p-Src/p-Cortactin signaling pathway [182] | |
PTK2B | Pyk2 regulates invadopodia formation in breast cancer cells [183] | |
FAK | EB1 restricts invadopodia formation and matrix protein degradation in breast cancer cells through FAK [184] | |
ERK | ERK promotes invadopodia formation by activating cortactin [185] | |
PAK | The PAK1/Cortactin pathway promotes invadopodia turnover and invasion [186] | |
GTPases | CDC42 | The CDC42/N-WASP/Arp2/3 signaling pathway regulates invadopodia formation [187] |
Rho/Rac | Rho-Rac signaling regulates invadopodia sensing and formation [188] | |
Dynamin | Dynamin-2 enhances the rigidity of actin bundles in invadopodia [189] | |
ARF6 | The novel ARF6-PI3 K-AKT pathway promotes invadopodia formation [190] | |
Interaction with stromal cell | CAF | CAF synergistically promotes invadopodia-mediated migration and invasion in oral squamous cell carcinoma [191] |
TAM | TAM interaction with cancer cells regulates the Notch1/Mena INV signaling pathway to promote invadopodia formation [44] | |
Tumor microenvironment | PH | CAIX regulates pH and affects the function of invadopodia [192] |
Hypoxic | The hypoxic tumor microenvironment promotes invadopodia formation through the collaboration of the LPA1 receptor and EGFR [105] | |
Matrix environmental | The extracellular matrix regulates invadopodia formation [193] | |
Functional protease | MMPs | Research on the close association between invadopodia and MMPs [6, 7, 194, 195] |