Fig. 7

Expression and spatial distribution of six core PFAS-HCC target genes. A–L Box plots and UMAP visualizations showing the differential expression of ESR1, APOA1, IGF1, PPARGC1A, SERPINE1, and PON1 in tumor vs. adjacent normal tissues. Statistical significance assessed via unpaired t-test. (M-R) Cell type annotation maps from spatial transcriptomics, showing distribution of malignant cells, hepatocytes, macrophages, CAFs, B cells, and CD8 + T cells. S–X Spatial gene expression maps of ESR1, APOA1, IGF1, PPARGC1A, SERPINE1, and PON1. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001