Fig. 1

A schematic illustration of the overall workflow of this study integrating multi-omics data and computational toxicology to investigate the impact of PFAS (PFOA and PFOS) exposure on HCC. The approach included target identification using toxicogenomic databases, network toxicology analysis, multi-cohort transcriptomic data analysis, construction of a survival risk model (PFASRHSig), validation with scRNA-seq and spatial transcriptomics, and experimental confirmation via RT-qPCR, IHC, and molecular docking simulations