Fig. 2

Comparison of blood EPAC1 levels across the absence, moderate, and severe stages of CAD in both women and men. Patients were grouped according to scores from bioimaging variables that determine the extent and severity of CAD. Blood EPAC1 levels were measured in patient groups segmented based on CAD severity as assessed by CCTA bioimaging variables, including the Segment Involvement Score (SIS) (A), 3-Vessel Plaque Score (B), Segment Stenosis Score (SSS) (C), and Vessel Diameter Stenosis (D). Comparisons between groups were conducted using a student’s t-test in parametric variables and mann–whitney U test for non-parametric variables, and results are presented as mean ± SD. Differences were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05. CAD, coronary artery disease, CCTA, coronary computed tomography angiography