Table 1 Summary of the functions of Human Papilloma Virus genes. E, early genes and L, late genes

E1

Helicase; involved in genome replication

[310]

E2

Viral life cycle's master regulator, viral gene transcriptional regulator, partitioning viral genomes, reduces the expression of E6 and E7

[311, 312]

E1^E4

Expressed as late stage as a viral late gene, helps the virus escape the host cell via disruption host cytokeratin network

[313,314,315]

E5

Small hydrophobic transmembrane proteins that are carcinogenic and contribute to the productive viral life cycle

[316]

E6

Oncoprotein; inhibiting p53, counteracts the antiviral actions of E7 via preventing apoptosis

[317]

E7

Oncoprotein inhibiting pRb,

Setting up the cellular conditions for immortalization and replication

[318]

E8^E2

Suppressing the expression of genes and viral replication

[319]

L1

key structural element of the viral capsid

Being shown following the differentiation of cells

[320]

L2

A small capsid protein that actively contributes to the HPV virus's assembly throughout the infectious process

[321]