Fig. 5

Transcriptional signature predicting clinical response and overall survival. A Differences in mean gene expression between responders (R) and non-responders (NR). B Top 10 pathways enriched in responder (left) and non-responders (right) determined by KEGG analysis. Significant pathways with an adjusted P-value (padj) < 0.05 are labeled in red for the NR group. C Estimate effect of gene expression levels on ICI response and prognosis. Seven genes were identified as both predictive and prognostic (blue), while those identified solely as predictive or prognostic are marked in red and green, respectively. D The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve shows the predictive power of the 26-gene signature established using LASSO logistic regression in the training dataset (N = 140). E Prediction score distribution in patients stratified by ICI response. F Stacked bar plot shows the proportion of patients classified according to prediction score cutoff thresholds, as defined by the Youden index in the training dataset. G ROC curve for the predictive gene signature in the testing dataset (N = 41). H Prediction score distribution of patients in the testing dataset. I Proportion of patients in the testing dataset classified using the same cutoff threshold as in the training dataset. J, K Kaplan–Meier curves illustrating the overall survival of patients stratified by the median risk score, with the cutoff built from the training dataset using LASSO Cox regression modeling, shown for both the training (J) and testing datasets (K), respectively