Fig. 4

Drug release kinetics and cellular uptake. (a) Release profiles of drugs from the MSNs and MSN@CSH nanocomposite at different pH levels; (b) Fluorescent imaging showing cellular uptake of DiL-loaded nanoparticles in 4T1 cells stained with DAPI; (c) Mean fluorescence intensity of 4T1 cells, showing increased uptake of the nanosystems; (d) Flow cytometry results showing percentage of PI-positive cells, indicating cell viability and nanoparticle uptake. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001