Fig. 5

The effect of VEGF derived from human DPSCs and BEV on neural repair and scar formation at 28 days after SCI. A Representative co-immunofluorescence images showing the expression of GFAP (green, Alexa Fluor® 488) and microglia marker IBA-1 (red, rhodamine) at 28 days post-injury; n = 3; Scale bars: 1000 μm and 50 μm. B Quantitative analysis of GFAP immunoreactivity. C Representative co-immunofluorescence images of Tuj1 (green, Alexa Fluor® 488) and microglia (IBA-1, red, rhodamine) at 28 days post-injury; n = 3; Scale bars: 1000 μm and 50 μm. D Quantitative analysis of Tuj1 immunoreactivity. Data are shown as means ± SD, Statistical significance was assessed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc tests. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001. (VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; DPSC: dental pulp stem cell; BEV: bevacizumab; SCI: Spinal cord injury; GFAP: glial fibrillary acidic protein; Tuj1: beta III tubulin.)