Gut Microbiome dysbiosis and immune activation correlate with somatic and neuropsychiatric symptoms in COVID-19 patients

Table 2 Somatic and neuropsychiatric symptoms of the participants (n = 77)

Variables	PHQ-15		PSS		HADS-A		HADS-D
Variables	Median (IQR)	p Value	Median (IQR)	p Value	Median (IQR)	p Value	Median (IQR)	p Value
Gender
Female	10 (7–14.5)	0.393	23 (14–31.5)	0.332	6 (3.5–13)	0.014	7 (3–10.25)	0.216
Male	8 (6.25–15)	0.393	19 (15–27.5)	0.332	4 (2–6.75)	0.014	5 (1.25–9.75)	0.216
Age
<60 years	9.5 (5.75–15)	0.369	20.5 (14–28.25)	0.398	5 (3–8)	0.487	6 (3–10)	0.751
≥60 years	8 (8–16)	0.369	22 (16–31)	0.398	6 (3–14)	0.487	5 (2–12)	0.751
BMI
<30 kg/m²	8 (5–14)	0.222	22 (14–28)	0.919	5 (3–7)	0.536	6 (3–10)	0.707
≥30 kg/m²	10 (7.75–16)	0.222	19.5 (16–29.25)	0.919	6 (3–9)	0.536	5.5 (2–10)	0.707
COVID-19 severity
Low	9.5 (5–14.25)	0.864	27 (14.5–31.25)	0.172	5 (3–8.25)	0.496	7 (3–10)	0.431
Moderate	9.5 (7–13.75)		18.5 (14–26.75)		5.5 (3–13)		6 (2.5–10.5)
Critical	8 (7–16)		19 (15–26)		5 (2–7)		4 (1–8)

Note Comparison of scores on instruments assessing somatic symptoms, stress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms according to gender, age, BMI, and COVID-19 severity. Abbreviations: BMI, Body Mass Index; HADS-A, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety; HADS-D, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Depression; IQR, interquartile range; PHQ-15, Patient Health Questionnaire-15; PSS, Perception of stress. Mann-Whitney U test or Kruskal-Wallis test was followed by pairwise comparisons between groups

ISSN: 1479-5876