Fig. 6

Differential abundance analysis between gut microbiota, somatic and neuropsychiatric symptoms in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Log fold changes in abundance of various bacterial taxa associated with four different assessments: (a) PHQ-15 (somatic symptoms), (b) PSS (perceived stress), (c) HADS-A (anxiety), and (d) HADS-D (depressive symptoms). The analysis used ANCOMBC2 to identify differentially abundant microbes between high- and low-test scores. Bars represent log fold changes in microbial abundance, with red bars indicating an increase and blue bars indicating a decrease in abundance associated with higher test scores. Error bars represent standard errors calculated using ANCOMBC2. Asterisks (*q < 0.05, **q < 0.01, and ***q < 0.001) denote statistical significance levels, with more asterisks indicating higher significance. Only the top differentially abundant taxa are shown for each scale (LFC ≥1)