Fig. 5

Ordination analyses of gut microbiota composition, somatic and neuropsychiatric symptoms across COVID-19 severity levels. (a-c) Aitchison principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) plots explore the relationships between COVID-19 severity, gut microbiota composition, somatic symptoms (PHQ-15) (d-f), and neuropsychiatric symptoms, including stress (PSS) (a-l), anxiety (HADS-A) (g-i), depressive symptoms (HADS-D) (j-l). The distributions indicate varying degrees of correlation between gut microbiota diversity and mental health indicators, with Permanova (> F) and R² values specified for each plot