Fig. 2

Representative signaling pathways regulated by carnitine/acetylcarnitine. Carnitine and acetylcarnitine, as the focus of current research, have been found to interact with intracellular signaling transduction networks. By regulating PI3K/Akt, Nrf2, NF-κB, AMPK and other signaling pathways, they widely affect a variety of physiological processes such as cell differentiation, protein synthesis, inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and programmed cell death. They play an indispensable role in maintaining the normal physiological activities of cells and responding to environmental changes. Created with BioRender.com