Fig. 1

Overview of the study design. EA, European ancestry; UKB-PPP, UK biobank Pharma Proteomics Project; MR, Mendelian randomization; cis-pQTLs, cis protein quantitative trait loci within ± 1 Mb from TSS of the protein-coding gene; GWAS, genome-wide association study; Mb, megabase; TSS, translation start site; FDR, false discovery rate; PP.H4, posterior possibility of hypothesis 4; SNP, single nucleotide polymorphisms; cis-eQTLs, cis gene expression quantitative trait loci within ± 1 Mb from TSS of protein-coding gene; mRNA, messenger RNA; AA, African ancestry