Fig. 3

IPA decreased mitochondrial respiration in LX-2 cells. Mitochondrial respiration curves (OCR) are presented as parameters of mitochondrial respiration (non-mitochondrial respiration, basal respiration, maximal respiration, proton leak, ATP production, SRC, and BHI). A, B Cells were incubated with 10 µM, 100 µM, and 1 mM of IPA for 24 h. C, D Cells were incubated with TGF-β1 (5 ng/ml) and 1 mM of IPA in non-serum media for 24 h. All the measurements were normalized for the DNA amount by CyQuant kit. BHI: Bioenergetic health index, SRC: Spare respiratory capacity OCR: Oxygen consumption rate. Data were shown as mean ± SD, n = 5 independent experiments. One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni´s post hoc test was used for statistical comparisons. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; and ***p < 0.001