Fig. 1

(A) Volcano plots showing the differentially expressed genes (DEGs, 1 < Log2_FC<-1, p < 0.05) in macrophages exposed to UV-inactivated OC43, D614G, Alpha, Delta, Gamma, and Omicron variants over each active counterpart. Red dots represent up-regulated genes, and blue dots down-regulated genes; (B) Relative gene expression of the transcripts related to PARP9 and PARP14 pathways in macrophages exposed to UV-inactivated OC43, D614G, Alpha, Delta, Gamma, and Omicron variants and each active counterpart. (C) Relative gene expression of M1 and M2 representative markers in macrophages exposed to UV-inactivated OC43, D614G, Alpha, Delta, Gamma, and Omicron variants and each active counterpart. Statistical significance of each sample was calculated over the control by using a Student t-test. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001. This image was created using BioRender (https://www.biorender.com/)