Fig. 1

Expression and spatial distribution of major cell types in TC revealed by spatial transcriptomics. a Dot plots showing the average expression of known markers in indicated cell clusters. The dot size represents the percentage of cells expressing the genes in each cluster. b tSNE (left) and UMAP (right) plots of cells from all the tested samples, showing eight clusters in each plot. Each cluster was shown in a different color. c The spatial distribution of different cell types in representative pathological areas (ST maps for all eight FFPE samples are shown in Additional files 7 and 8). Left: Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of representative tissue sections; Right: Unbiased clustering of ST spots and defined cell types of each cluster in the corresponding tissue sections. d Pseudotime trajectory of major cell types analyzed by Monocle. e Volcano plots displaying the upregulated and downregulated genes in specific cell types between PTC and ATC. f Dot plots of hallmarks for differentially expressed genes in the global cell type between PTC and ATC. The intensity represents the average fold change of gene expression in PTC versus ATC. The dot size shows FDR for each hallmark. ATC anaplastic thyroid cancer, GO Gene Ontology, KEGG Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, PTC papillary thyroid cancer, ST spatial transcriptomics, TC thyroid cancer, UMAP uniform manifold approximation and projection, FDR false discovery rate