Fig. 10

Other key events of mitochondrial perturbation in HG-treated HK-2 cells were improved by losartan treatment. A and B: MitoSox (red) and DCFDA (green) indicate mitochondrial and intracellular ROS in HK-2 cell. C and D: TMRE and TUNEL staining reveal membrane potential and apoptosis. E and F: DCFDA and TUNEL quantification confirms losartan decreases ROS level and apoptosis over time. G: Western-blot reveals apoptin Bax1, Cytochrome c, and Caspase-3. H: Losartan enhanced respiratory function of mitochondria in kidney tubule. HK-2 cell (2 × 10^4) was cultured in Xfe24 micro-plate and treated with LG (5 mM), HG (30 mM), or HG + LST (1 µM) for 24 h. Seahorse analysis showed that in the HG subset, oxygen consumption rate, maximal respiration, basal respiration, ATP production, and spare respiration significantly reduced, while proton leakage multiplied. Losartan restored the above effects. Outcomes are showed as mean ± SE, *P < 0.05, vs. LG subset, #P < 0.05, vs. HG subset