Fig. 2

Construction of a risk signature in the TCGA cohort. a Univariate Cox analysis identified 42 genes associated with survival (p < 0.05). b LASSO regression was performed on these 42 OS-related genes. c Variation of each coefficient under different lambda values is shown, with the x-axis representing the logarithm of lambda and the y-axis representing the coefficient. d Based on associated risk factors, patients were categorized into high and low TAMs infiltration groups. Kaplan–Meier survival curves were analyzed (p < 0.001), n = 519. e ROC curve AUCs for 1-, 3-, and 5-year OS prediction in the TCGA-HNSCC cohort. f Univariate (left) and multivariate (right) Cox regression analyses for overall survival