Table 1 Study on anti-inflammatory effect of BMSC-exos

Elucidating the role of intra-articular macrophages in the acute inflammatory response to knee fractures

Genetically-modified MaFIA mice and wild-type C57BL/6 mice

Inhibition of macrophage function has a prominent effect on joint inflammation and bone homeostasis following joint trauma

Macrophage polarity shifted to a dominance of M1 macrophages and a reduction of M2 macrophages in the synovial stroma

[89]

Clarifying the role of macrophage depletion in post-injury osteoarthritis

Macrophage Fas-induced apoptosis (MaFIA)-transgenic mice

Reducing inflammation and osteoarthritis in the obesity setting

CD3 + T-cell infiltration of the joint and a significant increase in the number of pro-inflammatory cytokines

[90]

Exploring the role of BMSC-exos in tendon bone healing

Sprague–Dawley rats

Promoting angiogenesis and inhibits inflammation to facilitate tendon-bone healing after rotator cuff reconstruction

Regulating angiogenic signalling pathways

[92]

Exploring the role of BMSC-exos on tendon bone healing

Mouse tendon-bone reconstruction model

Promoting the formation of fibrocartilage and promotes tendon-bone repair

Increasing polarization of M2 macrophages in tendon-bone healing

[88]

Exploring the role and underlying mechanisms of BMSCs-EVs in tendon repair

Sprague–Dawley rats

Promoting tendon healing

Suppressing inflammation and apoptotic cell accumulation and increasing the proportion of tendon-resident stem/progenitor cells

[93]

Assessing the potential therapeutic effects of New Zealand on lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 cells and exploring the underlying mechanisms

LPS-activated macrophage

Improving LPS-induced inflammatory response

Suppressing TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway

[97]

Investigating the effect of sinigrin on macrophage function

RAW 264.7 cell

Inhibiting the production of inflammatory mediators

Inhibiting lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production and the expression of COX-2 and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in RAW 264.7 cells

[98]

Assessing the anti-inflammatory effects of GEN-27 and exploring its potential molecular mechanisms using lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 cells

RAW 264.7 cell

Preventing and treating inflammation-related diseases

Inhibiting the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and NF-κB pathway

[99]

Exploring the ability of PM2.5 from nursery pigs to induce an immune response

Porcine alveolar macrophages 3D4/21 cells

There is a significant risk of an immune response to alveolar macrophages

Activating TLR4/MyD88 pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome

[100]

Exploring the role of FNDC5 in myocardial infarction

RAW264.7 macrophage

Acting as an anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic agent and promotes the polarization of M2 macrophages

Inhibiting of NF-κB signaling pathway and upregulating of Nrf2/HO-1 axis