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Fig. 2 | Journal of Translational Medicine

Fig. 2

From: The association of cigarette smoking with the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy: based on cross-sectional survey and mendelian randomization

Fig. 2

Principles of Mendelian randomization and assumptions. Abbreviations: DR, diabetic retinopathy; NPDR, non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy; PDR, proliferative diabetic retinopathy; MR, Mendelian randomization. Assumption 1: exposure is robustly associated with genetic variants; Assumption 2: confounders are not associated with genetic variants; Assumption 3: genetic variants should influence the outcomes only mediated by the exposure of interest

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Journal of Translational Medicine

ISSN: 1479-5876

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