Fig. 2
Comparison of community-level oral microbiome characteristics between upper gastrointestinal (GI) and pancreaticobiliary cancer patients and healthy controls. A Genus and species compositions of the oral microbiome in each group [top left: esophageal cancer (EC), top right: gastric cancer (GC), bottom left: biliary tract cancer (BC), bottom right: pancreatic cancer (PC); CON, controls; Ca, cancer patients]. Phyla and genera representing less than 1% and less than 2.5% of the microbial community are shown as < 1% and < 2.5%, respectively. B Alpha (Shannon entropy) and beta (Bray–Curtis distance) diversity, and their associations with disease status [top left: EC, top right: GC, bottom left: BC, bottom right: PC (*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ns, not significant, Wilcoxon)]. R2 value indicates the proportion of variance explained by disease status in each group, as confirmed by PERMANOVA