Fig. 1

Acute pancreatitis was exacerbated in Baat^−/− mice. a Heatmap showing different bile acids in serum of individual animals between Wildtype (WT) and Baat^−/− mice (n = 6 individuals/group). b–i MAP and SAP models induced by caerulein injection, including PBS. Samples were at 12 h post MAP or SAP modeling (n = 6 individuals/group). b Schematic illustration of experiments in MAP and SAP models induced by caerulein injection. c Pancreatic pathological sections and d pathology scores from mice from b. Histopathological changes were scored by HE staining. n = 3 biologically independent samples. The pathology was semi-quantitatively scored using Schmidt’s criteria by two board-certified veterinary pathologists in a double-blinded manner. Blue arrows indicate acinar necrosis, pink arrows indicate inflammatory cell infiltration, and black arrows indicate edema. e Serum amylase activity and f serum lipase activity of SAP mice with species of WT and Baat^−/− mice at 12 hpt. n = 3 biologically independent samples. g Serum expression (ELISA) of IL-1β (left), IL-6 (mid) and TNF-α (right) in WT and Baat^−/− SAP mice. n = 3 biologically independent samples. h Relative mRNA expression of Il1b (left), Il6 (mid), and Tnfa (right) in the pancreas of WT or Baat^−/− SAP mice. Fold change is relative to respective mock mice. n = 3 biologically independent samples. i Infiltration of macrophages and expression of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β in the pancreas of WT or Baat^−/− SAP mice shown via IFA. Results are representative of data generated in at least two independent experiments and are expressed as mean ± s.d. The two-sided P values were examined using Student’s t-test for comparison of variables between two groups. *: P < .05; **: P < .01; ***: P < .001; ****: P < .0001