Fig. 5

MCL regulates M1-type macrophage polarization by reducing mitochondrial oxidative stress. (A-D) BMDMs treated with H₂O₂ (100 μM). A The GSH:GSSG ratio, SOD activity, and MDA production. B Mitochondrial membrane potential was estimated using JC-1 (scale bar = 10 μm). C Mitochondrial ROS production was measured by MitoSOX™ Red (scale bar = 10 μm). D iNOS protein level was detected using WB. E–H Pretreated BMDMs with NAC (2 mM) and MCL (5 μM). E The GSH:GSSG ratio, SOD activity, and MDA production. F Mitochondrial membrane potential was estimated using the JC-1 kit (scale bar = 10 μm). G Mitochondrial ROS production was measured by MitoSOX™ Red (scale bar = 10 μm). H iNOS protein level was analyzed using WB. Data are presented as mean ± SD. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ns = not significant (n = 3)