Fig. 7

High concentrations of DCA cause liver inflammation and steatosis by disrupting the intestinal barrier. A mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in mouse ileum tissue (n = 5). B Serum D-lactate concentrations and LPS concentrations in mice liver tissues (n = 6). C mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in mouse liver tissue (n = 5). D Representative micrographs of haematoxylin‒eosin, picrosirius red and Oil Red histochemical staining. Scale bars: 100 μm. E Quantitative analysis of D (n = 5). Lipopolysaccharide, LPS; LFD, low-fat diet; HFD, high-fat diet; HFD + CHO, HFD + cholestyramine; DCA, deoxycholic acid. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001