Fig. 5
Predictive microbial biomarkers for pPNs. A Feature importance plot displaying the top 15 genera ranked by importance scores using the LightGBM model; the alues represent the importance scores of each genus. B Comparison of the test set AUC for all microbial features versus the top 6 microbial features (AUC1 vs AUC2). C Correlation Volcano Plot showing the correlation between salivary microbiota genera and pPNs. The x-axis represents the correlation coefficient, and the y-axis represents − log10 (P value). Colors range from blue to red, indicating the transition from negative to positive correlation. D Heat map showing the correlation between 6 genera and pPNs. Colors range from blue to red, indicating the transition from negative to positive correlation. AUC the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve