Table 1 Treatment strategies for mitochondrial dysfunction

Antioxidants

Melatonin

Quercetin

Clearing reactive oxygen species, inhibiting the loss of MMPs, and restoring mitochondrial function

[63]

Mitochondrial biogenesis enhancers

Puerarin

Apple procyanidins

Activating the AMPK/SIRT-1/PGC-1α pathway, enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis, and improving mitochondrial function.

[65]

Regulators of mitochondrial dynamics

Mdivi-1

β-Hydroxybutyrate

Protocatechuic aldehyde e

Regulating mitochondrial fission and autophagy to maintain mitochondrial homeostasis

[69]

Calcium balance

stabilizers

Cyclosporin A

B-type natriuretic peptide

Regulating mitochondrial calcium overload and restoring mitochondrial function

[70]