Fig. 2
From: From dysfunction to healing: advances in mitochondrial therapy for Osteoarthritis
Mechanism of mitochondrial transfer. (1) Mitochondria (are transferred from mesenchymal stem cells to recipient cells in four ways: (a) extracellular vesicles, (b) tunnelling nanotubes, (c) gap junctions, and (d) cell fusion. (2) Transferring isolated mitochondria directly. (3) Transferring EV-encapsulated mitochondria directly