Table 1 The introduction of hydrogels in the treatment of gastrointestinal tumors
From: Innovative theranostic hydrogels for targeted gastrointestinal cancer treatment
Hydrogel | Cancer | Remark | References |
|---|---|---|---|
Hydrogel microsphere vaccine | Pancreatic cancer | Release of FLT3L and CD40L at acidic pH to enhance migration of dendritic cells to lymph nodes for enhancing anti-cancer immunity | [25] |
PLGA-PEG-PLGA hydrogel | Pancreatic cancer | Injectable and biocompatible hydrogels for the delivery of gemcitabine in enhancing apoptosis an dreducing proliferation | [229] |
sulfhydryl-hyaluronic acid-dopamine hydrogel | Pancreatic cancer | Loaded with polydopamine-cloaked cytokine interleukin-15 and platelets conjugated with anti-TIGIT Increasing number of CD8 + and NK cells to boost anti-cancer immunity | [208] |
PVLA-PEG-PVLA hydrogel | Pancreatic cancer | Delivery of liposomes consisting of paclitaxel and gemcitabine to suppress progression | [172] |
GelMA/SilMA hydrogel | Colorectal cancer | Loading curcumin-shellac nanoparticles within the structure of hydrogels Controlled release through the swelling and degradation of matrix Increasing cellular uptake of curcumin | [230] |
mPEG-luteolin-BTZ@ICG hydrogels | Colorectal cancer | Delivery of indocyanine green and bortezomib to exert combination chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy Favorable tumor suppression activity | [180] |
PEG-PCL-PEG hydrogel | Colorectal cancer | Sustained delivery of 5-fluorouracil to suppress growth and dissemination of tumor cells | [93] |
pH-responsive nanohydrogels | Colorectal cancer | Delivery of naringenin Prolonged and targeted release of bioactive compound in response to pH | [101] |
Methyl-cellulose-based injectable hydrogel | Colorectal cancer | Thermo-sensitive feature Delivery of oxaliplatin Impairing peritoneal metastasis | [157] |
Solid lipid nanoparticle-loaded hydrogels | Colorectal cancer | Loading topotecan in solid lipid nanostructures to embed inside hydrogels for the colorectal delivery Improved anti-cancer activity | [94] |
Magnetic-driven hydrogel microrobots | Colorectal cancer | Improving anti-cancer activity of lycorine hydrochloride to reduce proliferation and mobility along with apoptosis induction | [95] |
Thermosensitive hydrogels | Colorectal cancer | Loading 5-fluorouracil-embedded micelles and cisplatin inside the hydrogels Reduction in proliferation and invasion Improving survival rate | [158] |
Injectable hydrogel | Hepatocellular carcinoma | Development of hydrogels from branched polyethyleneimine-g-poly (ethylene glycol), poly (ethylene oxide) and poly (propylene oxide) block copolymers and α-CD (PPA/CD) Delivery of ABHD5 siRNA to improve gene transfection efficiency and mediate apoptosis | [201] |
Injectable hydrogel | Hepatocellular carcinoma | Development of hydrogels from dextran and chitosan Stimulation of ferroptosis and increasing M1 polarization of macrophages to boost immunotehrapy | [203] |
Magnetic hydrogels | Hepatocellular carcinoma | Thermo-sensitive feature and ability in decreasing postoperative recurrence rate | [231] |
Nanohydrogel | Hepatocellular carcinoma | The development of hydrogels from algin/polyethyleneimine Delivery of miR-192 to downregulate Wnt expression | [228] |
Injectable thermosensitive hydrogel | Hepatocellular carcinoma | Delivery of GalNAc-siRNA and DP7-C nanostructures by hydrogels Endosomal escape in hepatocytes Suppressing tumor expression and controlling Pin1 expression | [227] |
Thermosensitive hydrogel | Hepatocellular carcinoma | Loading norcantharidin nanoparticles and oxaliplatin within the hydrogels to disrupt angiogenesis and proliferation and improve the survival of animal model | [232] |
Thermosensitive hydrogel | Hepatocellular carcinoma | Loading norcantharidin nanostructures and doxorubicin inside the hydrogels to reduce proliferation and angiogenesis | [233] |
GelMA/PVA hydrogel | Hepatocellular carcinoma | Suppressing β-klotho/HDAC3 axis to reduce progression of cancers | [234] |
Alginate hydrogel | Hepatocellular carcinoma | Loading MSA-2 as STING agonist inside the hydrogels to enhance M1 polarization of macrophages and enhance dendritic cell maturation Promoting the infiltration of lymphocytes in cancer immunotherapy | [235] |
Injectable nanocomposite-hydrogel | Hepatocellular carcinoma | Gradual release of lactate oxidase (LOX)-loaded hollow mesoporous MnO2 nanostructures to reduce levels of lactate Reversing immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and exerting combination with immunotherapy | [236] |
Magnetic colloidal hydrogel | Hepatocellular carcinoma | The development of hydrogels based on a binary system comprising super-paramagnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles and gelatin nanoparticles Extruding through percutaneous needle and self-healing activity The generation of heat | [237] |
4armPEGDA and N-carboxyethyl chitosan hydrogels | Hepatocellular carcinoma | pH-sensitive feature an self-healing property Loading doxorubicin on hydrogels to impair cancer growth | [238] |
Thermo-sensitive hydrogel | Hepatocellular carcinoma | Development of hydrogels from F127 and loading with doxorubicin and Au-MnO-L nanostructures Exerting photothermal activity Injectable feature Sustained drug release Combination of chemotherapy and photothermal therapy | [239] |
Acrylate-based hydrogels | Hepatocellular carcinoma | High biocompatibility and delivery of doxorubicin to exert anti-cancer activity | [240] |
Nanocomposite hydrogel | Hepatocellular carcinoma | Development of hydrogels from PDLLA-PEG-PDLLA to induce toxicity of dendritic cells and lymphocytes | [241] |
PDLLA-PEG-PDLLA hydrogels | Hepatocellular carcinoma | Thermo-sensitive feature and loading norcantharidin inside the structure of hydrogels Improving retention time of drug | [242] |
Thermo-sensitive hydrogel | Hepatocellular carcinoma | Development of hydrogels from PCL-PEG-PCL copolymer Improving residence time of drug in tumor site Loading liposomal doxorubicin inside the hydrogels Reducing tumor growth | [243] |
Thermosensitive injectable hydrogel | Hepatocellular carcinoma | Development of hydrogels based on PECT Increased anti-cancer activity of embelin | [244] |
Thermosensitive injectable hydrogel | Colorectal cancer | The OxP/R848@PLEL hydrogels can provide synergistic anti-cancer activity of oxaliplatin and resiquimod (R848_ to enhance dendritic cells maturation and promote the expansion of T lymphocytes | [187] |
Natural hydrogels | Colorectal cancer | Development of hydrogels from alginate and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose with pH-sensitive feature to deliver aspitin and methotrexate | [84] |
Thermosensitive hydrogel | Colorectal cancer | The thermosensitive hydrogels were prepared based on the features of poloxamers P407 and P188 to deliver 5-fluorouracil in impairing cancer growth | [156] |
Injectable biodegradable hydrogels | Colorectal cancer | Targeted delivery of avastin Development of hydrogels from vitamin D-functionalized polycarbonates | [86] |
HP-β-CD/agarose-g-poly(MAA) hydrogel | Colorectal cancer | pH-sensitive feature Favorable biocompatibility Delivery of capecitabine in colorectal cancer therapy | [245] |
Cisplatin hydrogel | Gastric cancer | Improving survival time of animal model Reducing tumor growth and metastasis | [107] |
Thermosensitive hydrogel | Gastric cancer | Co-delivery of 5-fluorouracil and cis-platinum to exert synergistic impact in suppressing recurrence and growth of metastatic tumors | [108] |
Albumin hydrogel | Gastric cancer | Loading paclitaxel in red blood cell membrane nanostructures and their inclusion in hydrogels Favorable biocompatibility and biodegradability Induction of chemotherapy | [114] |
Thermosensitive hydrogel | Gastric cancer | Development of hydrogels from poly (organophosphazene) (PPZ) to deliver docetaxel Reduction in tumor growth Impairing peritoneal metastasis | [161] |
Thermosensitive hydrogel | Gastric cancer | The linoleic acid-incorporated poloxamer hydrogels have been loaded with docetaxel to impair peritoneal metastasis | [162] |
Natural hydrogel | Gastric cancer | Intraperitoneal delivery of cisplatin using hyaluronan-based nanogels to suppress peritoneal dissemination of tumor cells | [116] |
Thermosensitive hydrogel | Gastric cancer | Loading gambogic acid nanostructures and iRGD as peptide inside the hydrogels High anti-cancer activity | [163] |
Injectable hydrogels | Gastric cancer | The polylysine hydrogels can deliver polyphyllin II (PP2) and resiquimod (R848) (PR-Gel) to induce M1 polarization of macrophages in cancer immunotherapy | [196] |
In-situ forming hydrogels | Gastric cancer | The prolonged release of siRNA/PEI complex from hydrogels can reduce the levels of id1 to suppress cancer progression | [224] |
Natural hydrogels | Colorectal cancer | Development of hydrogels from hyaluronic acid and carboxymethyl cellulose sodium Prolonged release of oxaliplatin Providing intraperitoneal chemotherapy | [78] |
Composite hydrogels | Colorectal cancer | Development of composite hydrogels from sonosensitizer protoporphyrin IX-conjugated manganese oxide (MnO2) nanoparticles and a glutathione (GSH) inhibitor after Ca2+ induced in situ gelation in the tumor site Amelioration of hypoxia through generation of oxygen Enhancing the levels of ROS | [181] |
PLGA microparticle-loaded hydrogels | Colorectal cancer | Delivery of oxaliplatin and improving pharmacokinetic profile Sustained drug release | [79] |