Fig. 9

Oral VCE-004.8 enhanced ischemia-induced de novo vessel and alleviated fibrosis in vivo. A Double immunofluorescence confocal staining of CD34 (green)/CD31 (red) in gastrocnemius muscles 28 days was used to calculate the number of CD34⁺/CD31⁻ cells (immature endothelial vascular cells) and CD34⁺/CD31⁺ (mature endothelial vascular cells). Scale bars equivalent to 50 μm. Values are mean ± SEM (n = 3–4). In both quantifications, the significance was determined by one-way ANOVA non-parametric followed by a Kruskal–Wallis test. P values indicated in panels, significant as **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001. B Immunofluorescence staining of TNC (green) in gastrocnemius muscles 28 days after ischemia and quantifications. Scale bars equivalent to 50 μm. Values are mean ± SEM (n = 3–4), and significance was determined by one-way ANOVA non-parametric followed by Kruskal–Wallis test. P values indicated in panels, significant as ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001. C Representative immunofluorescence staining of TNC in cross-section of healthy and disease human arteries. Scale bars equivalent to 50 μm