Fig. 2

S100P was identified as the biomarker of spread through air spaces (STAS). A The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of tumor cells in STAS sample compared to non-STAS samples. B Pathway analysis unveiled distinct biological activities in STAS and non-STAS samples. C The distinct transcription factors in STAS and non-STAS samples. D S100P was identified as the biomarker of STAS. E S100P exhibited elevated expression in tumor cells compared to normal epithelial cells (left) and immune cells and stromal cells (right). F The spatial expression patterns of S100P in STAS and non-STAS samples. G The expression patterns of S100P in STAS and non-STAS samples. H The multiplex immunofluorescence (MIF) performed in 20 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients demonstrated the main expression of S100P in tumor cells