Fig. 6

Correlation between gut microbes and bile acid metabolism. A Dot plots were utilized to display the relative expression levels of DEFB1, DEFA4, and DEFA3 in PBMCs obtained from patients with aGVHD and control individuals with non-aGVHD. B Dot plots illustrating the relative expression levels of DEFB1, DEFA4, and DEFA3 in granulocyte-like cells derived from patients with aGVHD compared with those from individuals with non-aGVHD. C The metabolites exhibiting the greatest differential expression are ranked based on their log₂ fold change (log₂ FC) values. D Violin plots depicting the distribution of common bile acid metabolites within each group (patients with non-aGVHD, n = 52; patients with aGVHD, n = 30). E The relationship between bile acid metabolites and gut microbiota is examined through Spearman’s correlation coefficients. Positive correlations are denoted by red fields, while negative correlations are denoted by green fields. Statistical significance is indicated by *P < 0.05, with **denoting significance after Bonferroni correction (P < 0.01)