Fig. 2

Comparison of IL-1 signaling-associated ligands and receptors in individuals with aGVHD and with non-aGVHD. A Heatmap of the communication probability of each cluster in the combined dataset of PBMCs of patients undergoing allo-HSCT. B The expression levels of IL1B, IL1A, IL1R2, IL1R1, IL1RAP, and IL1RN were assessed in HSPCs (i), granulocyte-like cells (ii), CD14⁺ monocytes (iii), and CD16⁺ monocytes (iv) of the participants. C The protein expression levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT) in patients with aGVHD (n = 30) compared to individuals with non-aGVHD (n = 52). D LPS concentrations were measured using ELISA assay in plasma samples obtained from patients with aGVHD (n = 30) and control individuals with non-aGVHD (n = 52). E Dot plots illustrating the expression levels of specific genes in PBMCs following LPS stimulation. F The protein levels of TNF-α, IL6, IL1B, and IL12 were quantified using ELISA assay (patients with non-aGVHD, n = 52; patients with aGVHD, n = 30). G Summary of the IL-1 signaling-associated ligands and receptors identified in the immune cells of patients with aGVHD compared with individuals with non-aGVHD. The activation of IL-1 signaling by LPS and other inflammatory cytokines exacerbates hyperactivated immune responses