Table 2 Preclinical studies of ICIs combine with nanotherapy
Author, year | Types of nanotherapy | Nanotherapeutic strategies | ICI | Mouse model | Immune cells | Anti-tumor efficacy |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zhang et al. 2022 [210] | Nanoparticle | Polylysine, ironoxide, and CpG + radiotherapy | Anti-CTLA-4 antibody | B78, MyC-CaP, TC11 tumor mouse models | M1 TAM M2 TAM CD4+ T cells CD8+ T cells | 1. The combination therapy inhibited tumor growth, enhanced adaptive anti-tumor immunity |
Cao et al. 2021 [211] | Nanoparticle | CpG-decorated gold nanoparticles + radiotherapy | Anti-PD-1 antibody | GL261 tumor mouse model | M1 TAM M2 TAM CD4+ T cells CD8+ T cells | 1. The combination therapy inhibited distant tumor growth in mice 2. The combination therapy synergistically modulated TME |
Guan et al. 2022 [199] | Nanoparticle | Radio-immunostimulant nanomedicine (IPI549@HMP) | Anti-PD-L1 antibody | Postsurgical CT26 tumor mouse model | M1 TAM M2 TAM MDSCs CD8+ T cells | 1. IPI549@HMP increased sensitivity to PD-L1 therapy 2. The combination therapy resulted in postoperative TME remodeling and inhibition of local residual and distant tumors |
Dai et al. 2022 [212] | Nanoparticle | PDT + Poly | Anti-PD-L1 antibody | CT26, B16F10 tumor mouse model | M1 TAM CD4+ T cells CD8+ T cells | 1. The combination therapy achieved nearly 100% ORR in the mouse model 2. High levels of chemokines and CD8+ T cells in TME enhanced the anti-tumor efficacy of ICI |
Liu et al. 2019 [213] | Nanorings | Ferrimagnetic vortex-domain iron oxide nanorings | Anti-PD-L1 antibody | 4T1 tumor mouse model | MDSCs CD8+ T cells | 1. The combination therapy increased CD8+ T cells infiltration and down-regulated MDSCs levels, 2. Eradicated primary 4T1 tumors without recurrence and inhibited distant metastasis |
Nie et al. 2019 [201] | Magnetic nano-clusters | Magnetic nano-clusters armed with responsive PD-1 antibody | Anti-PD-1 antibody | Malignant 4T1 tumor mouse model | Tregs CD8+ T cells | The combination therapy achieved inhibition of tumor growth with few side effects |
Pham et al. 2021 [214] | Nanoparticle | Paclitaxel-loaded, PD-L1-targeted albumin nanoparticles | Anti-PD-L1 antibody | EMT-6 tumor mouse model | DCs CD4+ T cells CD8+ T cells Tregs | PD-L1/PTX@HSA had shown strong anti-tumor efficacy both in vivo and in vitro |
Kuai et al. 2018 [34] | Nanodiscs | Nanodiscs deliver chemotherapy drugs | Anti-PD-1 antibody | CT26, MC38 tumor mouse model | CD8+ T cells | 1. Delivery of doxorubicin via nanodiscs enhanced the anti-tumor immunoefficacy of ICI 2. The combination therapy induced complete tumor regression and prevented tumor recurrence in 80% to 88% of animals |
Guo et al. 2022 [215] | Nanoparticle | GCT@CM NPs | Anti-PD-L1 antibody | B78 tumor mouse model | CD4+ T cells CD8+ T cells Tregs | 1. GCT@CM NPs induced tumor ICD 2. The combination therapy enhanced the infiltration of CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells, reduced the proportion of Tregs 3. The combination therapy inhibited tumor growth and induced effective immune response |
Moon et al. 2022 [216] | Nanoparticle | PD-NPs | Anti-PD-L1 antibody | 4T1 tumor mouse model | CD8+ T cells Tregs | PD-NPs could deliver anti-PD-L1 peptide and doxorubicin to the tumor site and inhibit tumor growth, showing significant anti-tumor effects |
Li et al. 2022 [217] | Nanocomplex | MUSIC | Anti-PD-1 antibody | Luciferase expressing 4T1 (Luc-4T1) tumor mouse model | CD4+ T cells CD8+ T cells | 1. MUSIC enhanced the sensitivity of anti-PD-1 antibody 2. The combination therapy inhibited tumor growth in mice and induced immune memory to enhance anti-tumor response |
Yu et al. 2022 [200] | Nanoreactor | Pt-PDA | Anti-PD-1 antibody | 4T1 tumor mouse model | M1 TAM M2 TAM CD4+ T cells CD8+ T cells Tregs | 1. Pt-PDA enhanced the immune response against PD-1 antibody 2. The combination therapy improved the survival rate and induced immune memory in mice |
Yu et al. 2022 [204] | Nanobody | PD-L1/TLR7 dual-targeting NDC | Anti-PD-1 antibody | CT26 tumor mouse model | CD8+ T cells NK cells | PD-L1/TLR7 dual-targeting NDC is a promising strategy to enhance the efficacy of ICIs by enhancing innate and adaptive immunity to perform anti-tumor immunity |
Choo et al. 2018 [205] | Nanovesicles | M1NVs | Anti-PD-L1 antibody | CT26 tumor mouse model | M1 TAM M2 TAM CD8+ T cells | 1. M1NVs induced M2 TAM polarization into M1 TAM 2. The combination therapy inhibited tumor growth and alleviated drug resistance to anti-PD-L1 therapy |
Li et al. 2020 [206] | Nanoparticle | Gadofullerene nanoparticles | Anti-PD-L1 antibody | 4T1 tumor mouse model | M1 TAM M2 TAM CD8+ T cells | 1. Gadofullerene nanoparticles induced M2 TAM polarization into M1 TAM and increased CD8+T cells infiltration 2. Gadofullerene nanoparticles showed synergistic anti-tumor effect with anti-PD-L1 |
Ni et al. 2020 [208] | Nanovaccine | BanNV | Anti-PD-1 antibody | MC38 tumor mouse model | DCs CD4+ T cells CD8+ T cells | 1.BanNV was developed to enhance neoantigen immunogenicity and antigen presentation 2. The combination therapy anti-PD-1 therapy resulted in complete regression of 70% of tumors without recurrence |
Kim et al. 2020 [209] | Nanovaccine | CpG adjuvant-embedded small lipid nanoparticles (OVAPEP-SLNP@CpG) | Anti-PD-1 antibody | E.G7 tumor mouse model | DCs CD8+ T cells | 1. OVAPEP-SLNP@CpG enhanced antigen presentation, induced DCs maturation and CD8+T cell activation 2. The combination therapy had shown significant anti-tumor efficacy and prevented tumor recurrence |
Wang et al. 2022 [218] | Nanomodulator | AuPtAg-mediated mild PTT + glucose oxidase | Anti-PD-L1 antibody | 4T1 tumor mouse model | M1 TAM M2 TAM CD4+ T cells CD8+ T cells Tregs | 1. The combination therapy induced M1 TAM polarization by mediating PTT 2. The combination therapy inhibited the growth of more than 90% of primary and distal tumors |
Mamuti et al. 2022 [219] | Nano-agonist | Polyvalent peptide-based CD40 nano-agonist | Anti-PD-1 antibody | 4T1, B16F10 tumor mouse model | DCs CD4+ T cells Tregs | 1. The combination therapy increased CD8+T cells infiltration, delayed the early progression of tumor 2. The combination therapy Inhibited tumor growth and metastasis, and induced the body to produce a powerful immune response |