Fig. 2

Mutual exclusivity and co-occurrence pattern of immune checkpoints in gastric cancer. A Schematic of patient grouping information. B Bar chart illustrating the percentages of gastric cancer patients with individual immune checkpoint expression, co-expression of two immune checkpoints (ICs), co-expression of three immune checkpoints, and co-expression of four immune checkpoints. C Upset plot illustrating patterns of co-occurrence of immune checkpoints. D UMAP plot of CD8⁺ T cell subpopulations in gastric cancer patients, color-coded by cell type. E Heatmap displaying the distribution of ICEPs in cell subpopulations, estimated based on the ratio of observed cell counts to expected cell counts (Ro/e) calculated using a chi-square test