Fig. 4

Microbiota-mediated functional gene alterations in patients with ES-LUAD. A, C The Bar plots show the significant GOs (A) and KO genes (C) between patients with ES-LUAD and HCs. (Wilcoxon rank-sum test, |log2FC|> 0.25, p < 0.05). B, D Correlation heatmap of microbial functions and signature microbial taxa. Correlations with |rho|> 0.3 and p < 0.05 were visualized. E Boxplot showing representative functional genes that significantly changed between patients with ES-LUAD and HCs. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 as determined by Wilcoxon rank-sum test