Fig. 3

Intrapulmonary microbiota signatures of patients with ES-LUAD. A LEfSe analysis of differentially abundant intrapulmonary microbiota among tumor, NAT and HC groups. B Volcano diagram shows the different species among tumor, NAT and HC groups. C Venn diagram depicting shared and unique species for LEfSe analysis and Wilcoxon rank-sum test. D Boxplot showed representative microbial (M. discipulorum) that significantly changed among three groups, ***p < 0.001 as determined by Kruskal–Wallis test. E PCoA similar to Fig. 2D, with samples colored according to the abundance of M. discipulorum