Fig. 2

Characterization of the microbial diversity and taxonomic composition in patients with ES-LUAD and HCs. A–C Comparison of alpha diversity (Chao1/Shannon/Simpson index) at the species level in lung tissue of patients with ES-LUAD and HCs. D Comparison of beta diversity (Bray–Curtis distance) at the species level in the lung tissue of patients with ES-LUAD and HCs. E The average distribution of tumor, NAT, and HC groups in the phylum. F The ratio of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. G Venn diagram depicting shared and unique taxa for the tumor, NAT, and HC groups at the species level. H The average distribution of microbial species in the tumor, NAT, and HC groups. Box plots show the median ± quartiles, and the whiskers extend from the hinge to the largest or smallest value no further than 1.5-fold of the inter-quartile range. ns: Not significant, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 as determined by Wilcoxon rank-sum test