Fig. 3

Characterization and diagnostic potential of inflammation-associated hub genes in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH). A. Protein-protein interaction network illustrating the interconnectivity between 22 inflammation-related genes, with lines indicating the interactions. B. UpSet plot depicting the intersection of hub genes identified by six distinct algorithms, with bar height representing the intersection size and connected dots indicating the combination of algorithms identifying the hub genes. C. Violin plots comparing the expression levels of the four hub genes (CCL5, GZMA, GZMK, CXCL9) between IPAH and the control group, with statistical significance denoted by asterisks. ***p < 0.001. D. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for the four hub genes, with the area under the curve (AUC) scores demonstrating their diagnostic performance in distinguishing between IPAH and control samples