Fig. 2

Comprehensive gene expression and enrichment analysis of idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH). A. Volcano plot displaying differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between IPAH and normal samples. DEGs were represented as dots, with upregulated genes in red, downregulated genes in blue, and non-significant genes in gray. B. Venn diagram showing the overlap between DEGs and genes from the green co-expression module associated with the inflammatory score, highlighting 22 genes common to both datasets. C. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of the 22 intersecting genes, categorizing them into biological processes (BP), cellular components (CC), and molecular functions (MF), with the size of the dots indicating the gene count and color gradient representing the adjusted p-value. D. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis for the intersecting genes, where each colored band represents a pathway linked to the genes listed, with the width of the bands correlating to the -log10 of the false discovery rate (FDR) adjusted p-values, indicating the significance of the gene-pathway association