Fig.1

Study design. During instrumentation, the pigs received 1 L of isotonic glucose before a 1-h no-touch period. The study period started at T0, and the pigs were randomised to a treatment sequence group (lactate before crossover to control or control before crossover to lactate, n = 4 in each). The pigs underwent two intervention periods of 2 h separated by a 1-h washout period. During the study periods, hourly measurements were performed as described. PA pulmonary artery, LV PV left ventricle pressure–volume catheter