Fig. 1

Targeted metabolite profiling using headspace gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (HS-GC‐MS). The box plot shows the log-scaled quantification of targeted metabolites. A Serum of mouse model: Lung cancer (n = 13; 6 nude mice, 7 balb/c mice), IPF (n = 11; 6 nude mice, 5 balb/c mice), and control (n=10; 5 nude mice, 5 balb/c mice). B Serum of human: Cancer (n = 20, rectal, colon, lung, stomach, liver, breast, ovarian, thyroid, and bile duct cancer) and inflammation (n = 16, encompassing hepatitis B and C, liver cirrhosis, Crohn’s disease, COPD, benign ovarian neoplasm, and Parkinsonism). C Cell media of cell culture: cancer (n = 27. CT26, Caki-1, MCF-7, OVCAR-3, MDA-MB-231, SKOV-3, DLD-1, ACHN, and A549) and normal (n = 9. CCD-18Co, Detroit551, and MRC-5). Note that the statistical significance (p-value) was obtained by t-test (ns: p > 0.05, *: p ≤ 0.05, **: p ≤ 0.01, ***: p ≤ 0.001, ****: p ≤ 0.0001)